Thyroid Profile [3]

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
   • What it is: TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
   • Relevance: High or low TSH levels can indicate thyroid dysfunction. High TSH suggests hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), and low TSH may indicate hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
2. Free Triiodothyronine (FT3):
   • What it is: FT3 is the active form of thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism.
   • Relevance: Low FT3 can suggest hypothyroidism, while high FT3 may indicate hyperthyroidism. FT3 levels help in diagnosing thyroid disorders and assessing their severity.
3. Free Thyroxine (FT4):
   • What it is: FT4 is a thyroid hormone that influences the body’s energy production and metabolism.
   • Relevance: Like FT3, abnormal FT4 levels can indicate thyroid disorders. Low FT4 is associated with hypothyroidism, while high FT4 is associated with hyperthyroidism.

Diabetes Profile [2]

1. Blood Sugar F/PP/R:
   • What it is: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting (F), after eating (PP, postprandial), and random (R) at any time of day.
   • Relevance: Used to monitor blood glucose levels, to detect diabetes or insulin resistance.
2. HbA1C (Glycated Hemoglobin):
   • What it is: A test that measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2–3 months by checking how much glucose is attached to hemoglobin.
   • Relevance: High HbA1C levels indicate poorly controlled diabetes, which can increase the risk of complications such as nerve damage, kidney problems, and heart disease.

Lipid Profile [6]

1. Total Cholesterol:
   • What it is: The total amount of cholesterol in the blood, including both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol.
   • Relevance: High total cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease.
2. Triglycerides:
   • What it is: A type of fat found in the blood, which the body uses for energy.
   • Relevance: Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease and can indicate metabolic disorders like diabetes.
3. HDL Cholesterol:
   • What it is: High-density lipoprotein, often called “good” cholesterol, helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.
   • Relevance: Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are protective against heart disease.
4. LDL Cholesterol:
   • What it is: Low-density lipoprotein, known as “bad” cholesterol, which can build up in arteries and cause blockages.
   • Relevance: High levels of LDL cholesterol increase the risk of atherosclerosis, heart disease, and stroke.
5. VLDL Cholesterol:
   • What it is: Very low-density lipoprotein, another type of “bad” cholesterol, contributing to plaque buildup in the arteries.
   • Relevance: High VLDL levels contribute to heart disease and can increase the risk of stroke and heart attacks.
6. Cardiac Risk Ratio:
   • What it is: A ratio comparing total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, used to assess the risk of heart disease.
   • Relevance: A higher ratio indicates a higher risk of heart disease.

Liver Profile [11]

1. Bilirubin Total, Direct, Indirect:
   • What it is: Bilirubin is a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown. The total includes both direct (conjugated) and indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin.
   • Relevance: Elevated bilirubin levels can indicate liver disease, hemolysis, or bile duct obstruction.
2. SGOT/AST and SGPT/ALT:
   • What it is: Enzymes found in the liver; SGOT (AST) and SGPT (ALT) are released when liver cells are damaged.
   • Relevance: Elevated levels indicate liver inflammation or damage, commonly due to hepatitis, fatty liver disease, or alcoholism.
3. Total Protein:
   • What it is: The total amount of proteins in the blood, including albumin and globulin.
   • Relevance: Low total protein may indicate liver or kidney disease or malnutrition.
4. Albumin and Serum Globulin:
   • What it is: Albumin is a protein made by the liver, and globulin is a group of proteins that play roles in immune function.
   • Relevance: Abnormal levels of albumin or globulin can indicate liver disease, kidney disease, or immune system disorders.
5. A/G Ratio:
   • What it is: The ratio of albumin to globulin in the blood.
   • Relevance: An imbalance may suggest liver or kidney disease, or an immune disorder.
6. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT):
   • What it is: An enzyme found in the liver that helps metabolize toxins.
   • Relevance: Elevated GGT levels can indicate liver disease, alcohol abuse, or cholestasis (blocked bile flow).
7. ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase):
   • What it is: An enzyme found in the liver, bones, and bile ducts.
   • Relevance: High levels of ALP may indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or bile duct obstruction.

Kidney Profile [8]

1. Urea and Creatinine:
   • What it is: Waste products filtered by the kidneys.
   • Relevance: High levels of urea and creatinine may suggest kidney dysfunction or chronic kidney disease.
2. Uric Acid:
   • What it is: A waste product formed when the body breaks down purines.
   • Relevance: High levels of uric acid can cause gout or kidney stones and may indicate kidney problems.
3. Urine RE/ME:
   • What it is: Routine examination of urine for cells, crystals, and other abnormalities.
   • Relevance: Detects urinary tract infections, kidney disease, or metabolic disorders.
4. Urea/Creatinine Ratio:
   • What it is: A ratio that helps assess kidney function.
   • Relevance: An abnormal ratio may indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration.
5. Sodium and Potassium:
   • What it is: Electrolytes that help regulate fluid balance and nerve and muscle function.
   • Relevance: Abnormal levels can indicate kidney problems or an imbalance in body fluid.
6. Albumin Creatinine Ratio (Urine ACR):
   • What it is: The ratio of albumin to creatinine in urine.
   • Relevance: A high ratio indicates early kidney damage or diabetic nephropathy.

Anemia Profile [29]

1. Complete Haemogram [26]:
   • Includes tests such as WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, and various indices (e.g., MCV, MCH, RDW, etc.).
   • Relevance: A full blood count can help diagnose anemia, infections, bleeding disorders, or bone marrow issues.
2. Vitamin B12:
   • What it is: A nutrient essential for red blood cell production and nerve health.
   • Relevance: Low B12 levels can lead to pernicious anemia, causing fatigue and nerve damage.
3. Serum Iron:
   • What it is: Measures the amount of iron in the blood.
   • Relevance: Low iron levels can indicate iron-deficiency anemia, leading to fatigue and weakness.
4. Stool Occult Blood:
   • What it is: A test to detect hidden blood in the stool.
   • Relevance: Can indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially from ulcers, cancer, or other conditions.

Bone and Joint [3]

1. Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D:
   • Relevance: These tests assess bone health. Imbalances can indicate osteoporosis, rickets, or bone fractures.

Tumor Marker [4]

1. PSA Total (for Male):
   • What it is: A protein produced by the prostate, elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer.
2. AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein, Liver):
   • What it is: A marker for liver cancer and other liver diseases.
3. CA125 (for Female):
   • What it is: A marker for ovarian cancer.
4. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen):
   • What it is: A marker for colon, stomach, lung, and ovarian cancers.